Key ideas Vertex form: f(x)=a(x−h)2+k f(x)=a(x-h)^2+kf(x)=a(x−h)2+k If a>0a>0a>0, then f(x)≥kf(x)\ge kf(x)≥k and the minimum value is kkk. If a<0a<0a<0, then f(x)≤kf(x)\le kf(x)≤k and the maximum value is kkk. Completing the square: x2+bx=(x+b2)2−(b2)2 x^2+bx=\left(x+\frac{b}{2}\right)^2-\left(\frac{b}{2}\right)^2x2+bx=(x+2b)2−(2b)2